The Effects of Background Television on the Toy Play Behavior of Very Young Children

Introduction The research report investigates if the background television with adult content interrupts a child’s behavior during a play. The researchers review literature, conduct an experiment on children and obtain answers from questionnaires given to parents to obtain the information.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Background Television on the Toy Play Behavior of Very Young Children specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The children are 1, 2, and 3 years old. The results reveal that children’s behavior is influenced by the background television. Although children pay little attention to incomprehensible adult content, their play is interrupted by the background television. The cognitive development and language development are affected by interruptions during child’s play. This essay summarizes the research report in part 1, and gives suggestion on possible areas for research in part 2. The article examines how background television showing adult content affects young children’s behavior when they are playing with toys. The research conducted literature review and thereafter an experiment. Literature review indicates that young children pay little attention to adult television content and pay additional attention to children television programs. The attention of the child on the play object is reduced when there is audiovisual disturbance. The kind of television programs that a child is exposed to repeatedly affects the development in language. According to Schmidt et al. (1138), uninterrupted play will result in healthy cognitive development and increased social skills. The research assessed the level of maturity in a child’s play, the length of time spent in a play and the devoted attention given to a specific object in a play. Short period spent while playing a toy is an indication of a developmental disorder. Attention on a specific ob ject is associated with the motivation of the child. A child’s attention on an object increases with age. Younger children have a limited ability to sort out unwanted stimuli and sustain attention on a specific play object.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Development of attention requires focused and continued attention when the child was playing. The child abandons play to view the television for a while. After the interruption, the child may abandon play and move on to another playing object. If they resume, their motivation and attention are reduced, hence they will lose the ability to return to same cognition level. After literature review, the researchers conducted an experiment. The experiment included children of 12, 24 and 36 months old. The children were observed for one hour as they played. During the first 30 minutes, the television showing adult content was left on . In the next 30 minutes, the children played with toys when the television was switched off. Besides being observed, the children were also videotaped. The participants were selected from the birth records of the state. The participants did not have earring and visual impairment. The results of the experiment revealed that the young children were affected by the background television showing adult content. When the television was on, the children were not involved in intensive play. They gave the toys less attention and played for a short period. The maturity in play was affected little when compared with focused attention. Relational play was also reduced when the television was on. Besides, the children were able to continue with complex plays when the television was off. After the television was on, children tended to view the television many times in the first six minutes, and few times after six minutes. The parents were asked to avoid initiating a play or suggesting toys for a play.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Background Television on the Toy Play Behavior of Very Young Children specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This implies that parents pay attention to television and only give attention to the children when they demand it. The parents also filled questionnaires. The questionnaires enquired the child’s interaction with the media. The level of interruption increased with the number of times the child looked at the television. Reduced involvement in a play was associated with a dislocation of attention to the television. For younger children, the scheme of the play was interrupted and after looking at the television, the child cannot recall hence they move on to another toy. Moreover, there was no distinct difference in background interruption shown between children of different ages. Background television interrupts cognitive process in children. Background television can also be associated with noise, which interrupts the attention of the child during a play. Background television may also be associated with positive effects such as multitasking. Children may be able to tap multitasking skills from the destructive background television. The study observed the participant for a long time, had numerous toys for playing during the experiment and selected the general ages for the participant. Consequently, the television has an impact on the relationship between the care giver and child when the parent is watching television. Chaotic home environment characterized by the noise may affect the child’s development due to the frequent interruptions at the time of a play. The study assumed that children are exposed in their homes and that care givers do not get involved in a child’s play. Lack of the development in cognition reduces a child’s readiness to go to school. The study concluded that cumulative impacts of the int erruptions caused by background television may cause poor development in cognition. The impacts may also include poor language development and the attention disorders. Therefore, Schmidt et al. (1149) suggest that background television is a potential environmental risk in the development of a child.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To follow up on the investigation on the effects of background television on the toy play behavior of very young children, it is necessary to establish the impact of media exposure in the home environment to the young children’s cognitive development. Subsequent research will answer the question: Is media exposure in the home environment a risk factor for the poor cognitive development in young children? Cognitive development shows the healthy growth of a child memory, language skills, recognition, problem solving skills and thinking. The question will provide a guideline for the study to establish the degree of media exposure for children in the home environment and areas in child development that are affected. In line with the article, the study will increase information on other areas other than attention, maturity in play and length of play. The study will investigate problem language skill, problem solving ability, memory and thinking process. The sample to be selected f or the study will include children who are two to three years old. The children will be given instructions when playing to assess their ability to sustain attention when playing with and without instructions. The number of toys for each child will be equal and all the children will be allowed to play without instruction for 15 minutes. Thereafter, they will be given few instructions that are to be followed when playing for another period of 15 minutes. Finally, the children will be given full instructions to play with toys for 15 minutes. The children will have audiovisual programs run in the first eight minutes of every session. The observers will record the child’s behavior as they play. The hypothesis to be tested is that under less destruction, comprehensive instructions enable one to remain on task. Many instructions make the child pay attention to the playful activities. Attention is given if the child has been able to understand and master the art of attentiveness. Tho se with attentive skills remain on a task for a long time. A child with a good development in memory, language skills, recognition and problem solving skills will be able to take many instructions. When the instructions are few and the media program is interruptive, the child is likely to lose attention and move on to other tasks. The research will also reveal the degree in which the media affect a child cognitive development in the home environment. Conclusion Schmidt et al. (1137) engages in study to establish how background television showing adult content affects young children’s behavior when they are playing with toys. Their study which involved studying the behavior of 12, 24 and 36 months old revealed that background television had an impact on the cognitive development of a child. A child’s attention on toys was reduced when the television was on. Time spent with a toy was reduced since destruction caused the child to abandon a toy and proceeded with another t oy. Play was continuous and comprehensive when the television was off. The results did not show any distinctive feature of behavior that is inclined to age during the experiment. Work Cited Schmidt, Evans, Tiffany Pempe, Heather Kirkorian, Frankenfield Lund,   Daniel Anderson. â€Å"The effect of Background Television on the toy plays behavior of very young children.† Child Development 79. 4 (2008): 1137- 1151. This essay on The Effects of Background Television on the Toy Play Behavior of Very Young Children was written and submitted by user Jordan Jefferson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How The U.S. Electoral College System Works

How The U.S. Electoral College System Works The Electoral College is not a college in the sense that the word is generally used. Instead, it is the important and often controversial process by which the United States selects the President of the United States every four years. The Founding Fathers created the Electoral College system as a compromise between having the president elected by Congress and having the president elected by the popular vote of qualified citizens. Every fourth November, after almost two years of campaign hype and fundraising, more than 100 million Americans cast their votes for the presidential candidates. Then, in the middle of December, the president and vice president of the United States are actually elected. This is when the votes of only 538 citizens- the electors of the Electoral College System- are counted.   How It Works When you vote for a presidential candidate, you are in fact voting to instruct the electors from your state to cast their votes for the same candidate. For example, if you vote for the Republican candidate in the November election, you are really just picking an elector who will be pledged to vote for the Republican candidate when the Electoral College votes in December. The candidate who wins the popular vote in a state wins all the pledged votes of the states electors, in the 48 winner take all states and District of Columbia. Nebraska and Maine award electors proportionally. The National Archives explains: Maine has four Electoral votes and two Congressional districts. It awards one Electoral vote per Congressional district and two by the statewide, at-large vote. Nebraska has five Electoral College votes, three awarded to the district winners, and two awarded to the statewide popular vote-getter. Overseas territories of the United States, such as Puerto Rico, have no say in presidential elections, even though their residents are U.S. citizens. The Electoral College system was established in Article II of the Constitution and was amended by the 12th Amendment in 1804. How Electors Are Awarded Each state gets a number of electors equal to its number of members in the U.S. House of Representatives plus one for each of its two U.S. senators. The District of Columbia gets three electors. State laws determine how electors are chosen, but they are generally selected by the political party committees within the states. Each elector gets one vote. Thus, a state with eight electors would cast eight votes. There are currently 538 electors, and the votes of a majority of them- 270 votes- are required to be elected. Because Electoral College representation is based on congressional representation, states with larger populations get more Electoral College votes. Should none of the candidates win 270 electoral votes, the 12th Amendment mandates the election be decided by the House of Representatives. The combined representatives of each state get one vote and a simple majority of states is required to win. This has only happened twice: Presidents Thomas Jefferson in 1801 and John Quincy Adams in 1825 were elected by the House of Representatives. Faithless Electors While the state electors are pledged to vote for the candidate of the party that chose them, nothing in the Constitution requires them to do so. In rare instances, an elector will defect and not vote for their partys candidate. Such faithless votes rarely change the outcome of the election, and laws of some states prohibit electors from casting them. However, no state has ever prosecuted someone for not voting the way they were pledged. The 2016 election saw the most ever faithless electors, as seven were cast; the previous record was six electors who changed their votes, in 1808. When the College Meets The public casts their votes on the first Tuesday after Nov. 1, and before the sun sets in California at least one of the TV networks likely will have declared a winner. By midnight, one of the candidates will have probably claim victory and others will concede defeat. But not until the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December, when the electors of the Electoral College meet in their state capitals to cast their votes, will there really be a new president- and vice president-elect. Why is there such a delay between the general election and the Electoral College meetings? In the 1800s, it took that long to count the popular votes and for all the electors to travel to the state capitals. Today, the time is more likely to be used for settling any protests due to election code violations and for vote recounts. Criticisms of the System Critics of the Electoral College system point out that the system allows the possibility of a candidate actually losing the nationwide popular vote but being elected president by the electoral vote. A look at the  electoral votes from each state  and a little math will show you how. In fact, it is possible for a candidate to not get a single persons vote in 39 states or the District of Columbia, yet be elected president by  winning  the popular vote in just 11 of these 12 states (The number of electoral votes is in parentheses): California (55)New York (29)Texas (38)Florida (29)Pennsylvania (20)Illinois (20)Ohio (18)Michigan (16)New Jersey (14)North Carolina (15)Georgia (16)Virginia (13) Because 11 of the 12 states listed above account for exactly 270 votes, a candidate could win these states, lose the other 39, and still be elected. Of course, a candidate popular enough to win California or  New York  will almost certainly win some smaller states. When It Happened Five times in Americas history presidential candidates have lost the nationwide popular vote, but been elected president  in  the Electoral College: In 1824, 261 electoral votes were available, with 131 needed to be elected president. In the election between John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson- both Democratic-Republicans- neither candidate won the necessary 131 electoral votes. While Jackson won more electoral and popular votes than Adams, the House of Representatives, acting under the 12th Amendment to the Constitution, selected John Quincy Adams as the sixth President of the United States. Bitter over the process, Jackson and his supporters proclaimed the election of Adams a â€Å"corrupt bargain.†In 1876,  369 electoral votes were available, with 185 needed to win.  Republican Rutherford B. Hayes, with 4,036,298 popular votes, won 185 electoral votes. His main opponent,  Democrat Samuel J. Tilden, won the popular vote with 4,300,590  votes but won only 184 electoral votes. Hayes was elected president.In 1888, 401 electoral votes were available, with 201 needed to win. Republican Benjamin Harrison, with 5,439,8 53 popular votes, won 233 electoral votes. His main opponent,  Democrat Grover Cleveland, won the popular vote with 5,540,309  votes but won only 168 electoral votes. Harrison was elected president. In 2000,  538 electoral votes were available, with 270 needed to win.  Republican George W. Bush, with 50,456,002 popular votes, won 271 electoral votes. His Democratic opponent,  Al Gore, won the popular vote with 50,999,897  votes but won only 266 electoral votes. Bush was elected president.In 2016, a total of 538 electoral votes were again available, with 270 needed to be elected. Republican candidate Donald Trump was elected president, winning 304 electoral votes, compared to 227 won by Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton. However, Clinton received about 2.9 million more popular votes nationwide than Trump, a margin of 2.1 percent of the total vote. Trump’s Electoral College victory was sealed by popular vote wins in the perennial swing states of Florida, Iowa, and Ohio, as well as in the so-called â€Å"blue wall† states of Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin, all Democratic strongholds in presidential elections since the 1990s. With most media sources p redicting an easy victory for Clinton, Trump’s election brought the Electoral College system under intense public scrutiny. Trump detractors tried to protest his election and petitioned electors to cast faithless elector votes. Only two listened. Why the Electoral College? Most voters would be unhappy to see their candidate win the most votes but lose the election. Why would the  Founding Fathers  create a constitutional process that would allow this to happen? The framers of the Constitution wanted to make sure the people were given direct input in choosing their leaders and saw two ways to accomplish this: The people of the entire nation would vote for and elect the president and vice president based on popular votes alone. A direct popular election.The people of each state would elect their members of the  U.S. Congress  by direct popular election. The members of Congress would then express the wishes of the people by electing the president and vice president themselves. An election by Congress. The Founding Fathers feared the direct popular election option. There were no organized  national political parties  yet, no structure from which to choose and limit the number of candidates. Also, travel and communication were slow and difficult at that time. A very  good candidate  could be popular regionally but remain unknown to the rest of the country. A large number of regionally popular candidates would thus divide the vote and not indicate the wishes of the nation as a whole. On the other hand, election by Congress would require the members to both accurately assess the desires of the people of their states and to actually vote accordingly. This could have led to elections that better reflected the opinions and political agendas of the members of Congress than the actual will of the people. As a compromise, the Electoral College system was developed. Considering that only five times in the nations history has a candidate lost the  popular national vote  but been elected by electoral vote, the system has worked well. Yet the Founding Fathers concerns with direct popular elections have mostly vanished. The national political parties have been around for years. Travel and communication are no longer problems. The public has access to every word spoken by every candidate every day. These changes have led to calls for reforms to the system, for example, so that more states have a proportional allocation of electoral votes to more accurately reflect the popular vote.

Japanese Counters Used for Counting Objects

Japanese Counters Used for Counting Objects Lets learn how to count in Japanese. Every language has a different way of counting objects; the Japanese use counters. They are similar to English expressions such as a cup of ~, a sheet of ~ and so on. There are a variety of counters, often based on the shape of the object. Counters are attached directly to a number (e.g. ni-hai, san-mai). Following the next couple of paragraphs, we have included counters for the following categories: objects, duration, animals, frequency, order, people and others. Things which are not clearly categorized or shapeless are counted by using native Japanese numbers (hitotsu, futatsu, mittsu etc.). When using a counter, pay attention to the word order. It is different from English order. A typical order is noun particle quantity- verbs. Here are examples. Hon o ni-satsu kaimashita.æÅ" ¬Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¤ ºÅ'冊è ² ·Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¾Ã£ â€"㠁Ÿã€‚I bought two books.Koohii o ni-hai kudasai.ã‚ ³Ã£Æ' ¼Ã£Æ'’ãÆ' ¼Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¤ ºÅ'æ  ¯Ã£  Ã£   Ã£ â€¢Ã£ â€žÃ£â‚¬â€šPlease give me two cups of coffee.Another thing we  want to mention is that when the Japanese group objects they divide them into groups of five and ten, unlike the typical groupings of six and twelve in the West. For example, sets of Japanese dishes or bowls are sold in units of five. Traditionally, there was no word for a dozen, though it has been used because of Western influence.ObjectsWhen combining a number with a counter, the pronunciation of the number or the counter might change.hon æÅ" ¬ - Long, cylindrical objects: trees, pens, etc.mai æžš - Flat, thin objects: paper, stamps, dishes, etc.ko 個 - Broad category of small and compact objectshai æ  ¯ - Liquid in cups, glasses, bowls, etc.satsu 冊 - Bound objects: books, magazines, etc.dai Ã¥  ° - Vehicles, machines etc.kai 階 - The floor of a buildingken ä » ¶ - Houses, buildingssoku è ¶ ³ - Pairs of footwear: sock, shoes, etc.tsuu 通 - LettersDurationjikan 時éâ€"“ - Hour, as in ni-jikan (two hours)fun 分 - Minute, as in go-fun (five minutes)byou ç §â€™ - Second, as in sanjuu-byoo (thirty seconds)shuukan é€ ±Ã©â€"“ - Week, as in san-shuukan (three weeks)kagetsu 㠁‹æÅ"ˆ - Month, as in ni-kagetsu (two months)nenkan Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã©â€"“ - Year, as in juu-nenkan (ten years)Animalshiki Ã¥Å' ¹ - Insects, fish, small animals: cats, dogs, etc.tou é   ­ - Large animals: horses, bears, etc.wa ç ¾ ½ - BirdsFrequencykai 回 - Times, as in ni-kai (twice)do Ã¥ º ¦ - Times, as in ichi-do (once)Orderban ç• ª - Ordinal numbers, as in ichi-ban (first place, number one)tou ç ­â€° - Class, grade, as in san-too (third place)Peoplenin ä º º - Hitori (one person) and futari (two people) are exceptions.mei Ã¥   - More formal than nin.Otherssai æ ­ ³/æ ‰  - Age, as in go-sai (five years old)Ippon demo Ninjin is a fun children song for learning about counters. Pay attention to the different counters used for each item.

Marketing Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Marketing Management - Essay Example Now we shift to the methodology and rationale behind building competitive advantage. This is something that is built over time and requires synchronization between the tactics, activities and the overall strategy of the company which is producing the product(s). Competitive advantage is developed when there is a differential undertaking on the part of the customer. This could be in the form of lower prices than the competitors, better quality, efficient sales services and support and a number of other features. Thus customer satisfaction is something which cannot be measured by a standard set of parameters. It has to be experienced always with a different set of offerings that are made available. These offerings could be in the form of better quality products, higher and more efficient services or a bundle of both high-class product and state of the art service, in which case it would not be categorized under either of them rather as a mixture of both. It is pretty true that the market dynamics suggest that the competitive advantage can only be achieved when the customer is given what he or she wants but then again is there any limit to his or her wants? The answer would be NO and quite rightly so. The customer expects value for money and thus the best possible product at the most effective rate, thus it would be correct to understand his point of view and then go about changing the product offerings, prices and the value thus provided. Marketing concept has taken its basis from the selling concept.

Comparative studies Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Comparative studies - Coursework Example This was also experienced on the Western art like Egypt art, Greece art and Rome art that had significant influence on the eastern art (Sullivan, 1989). Ancient painting was generally for utilitarian purpose for a long period then followed by imperial purpose, private purpose, civic and then for religious patronage. The pre-historic painting was done using the black pigment and the red ochre. The painting was done to show animals like lions, mammoth, horses, leopards or even human during the hunting process. Ancient men believed that painting animals would â€Å"catch† their spirit or soul and make the hunting process more easily. Ancient painting was also done basically to represent human basic need of expression or a vision (Warhol and Dillenberger, 2001). In addition, the painting was also a way of transmitting a practical idea or information. The ancient painting is very important because it led to the development of the modern art. Henri Matisse among other revolutionized the Paris art with expressive, landscapes and images that the critics know as Fauvism in the beginning of the 20th century. The work of painters like S eurat and others was very much essential for the development of the modern art. Unlike the ancient painting that did not have much to show in terms of color, the modern painting has freedom of expression with color and majorly was used to express liberation, slave trade and World War 1 and 2. The Western art was full of critics of racism while the Eastern art on the other hand had much to show in terms of culture and tradition. Eastern art like Chinese art was able to show much of their culture in color while the Western art was full of more appealing critics like black slaves working on mining fields and flower farms. Song is a combination of voice/voices that is achieved through singing. In most case, a song is always supported by musical instrument to perform the required tune as in the case of vocal songs

A Synopsis of Christopher Taggi’s Movie 95 Essay Example for Free

A Synopsis of Christopher Taggi’s Movie 95 Essay Renowned American film producer Cecil B. DeMille once said, â€Å"What I have crossed out I didnt like. What I havent crossed out Im dissatisfied with.† (â€Å"Cecil B. DeMille Quotes.† brainyquote.com. Brainy Quote, n.d. Web. 05 Oct.2012.) This persistent feeling of dissatisfaction is suggested in Christopher Taggi’s â€Å"95,† in which the protagonist is discontent with his current life condition and keeps driving on the highway to look for better opportunities. In fact, the author points out that in contemporary society people are dissatisfied because of their insatiable desire for wanting more. This sad reality is illustrated by the protagonist’s parents, who are constantly moving from one place to another to try find opportunies, the protagonist Hank himself, who desires more than what he already has, and the highway that symbolizes people’s everlasting demand. The unfortunate fact of people feeling dissatisfied because of their avaricious desires is demonstrated by the characterization of Hank’s parents. When Hank was young, he and his parents were continually moving from here to there. His parents were never satisfied with what they had and were always looking for opportunities that would give them better jobs and make them wealthier and happier. From Hank’s descriptions of his father† touching things absently† (4) and† his eyes clouded with the nowhere stare,† (4) the author suggests that his father doesn’t enjoy his life. Also, when they stopped for food during car trips, Hank noticed that his father would only have a glass of water. Even if his father explained that: â€Å"No sense in buying something you don’t feel like eating,† (4) Hank knew that his parents were poor. This justifies his parents’ motivation of constantly moving. His father also used to say: â€Å"Opportunity, it makes people rich, makes people famous. All you have to do is go out there and find it.† (4) Contrary to what his parents believed, even after all the years of searching, they never found the right opportunity and obtained what they wanted. This suggests that Hank’s parents, like many people in modern society, will not find happiness because they live with insatiable desires and therefore will not get the feeling of satisfaction in their lives. The characterization of Hank himself also shows how people in the contemporary society always want more. For example, when Hank woke up from his dream about his socks, he realized that† nothing good or special or wonderful has happened to him.† (7) This shows that Frank is idealistic and has superfluous expectations in life. Also, Hank has a nice girlfriend who cares about him and loves him, but he still thinks about how he would leave her even though there are no reasons for him to do so. When his girlfriend asks him if he was happy, he says, â€Å"Sometimes I am. Mostly, I guess I just feel like I can’t be really happy. Just missing something important.† (7) Another passage would be when his girlfriend asked him if he likes her, he answered:†sometimes I like you and maybe I think I even love you a little. And sometimes I hate you.† (7) We can see that Hank is uncertain about his feelings for his girlfriend and if she is the person that he wants to be with. Those are typical examples of a person who is not sure about what he wants and believes that there is always something better waiting for him. The thing that is missing for Hank is simply appreciating what he already possesses. From this reasoning, it is clear that great numbers of people from the twentieth century are just like Hank, they can’t find happiness simply because they are insatiable. The highway is an important symbol used by the author to signify the notion that contemporary people are dissatisfied and always want more. Hank and his parents used to drive on the highway because they wanted more than what they have and the highway offered opportunities. When Hank is driving with his girlfriend on the highway, he sees many billboards that attract him. Especially one billboard on which was written† LUCKY LEO’S FIREWORK EMPORIUM, it boomed in explosive neon colors. LARGEST SUPPLY OF FIREWORKS IN ALL DIXIE! FREE PARKING and DELICIOUS RESTAURANT. 20Ml.† (4) However, when Hank finally gets there, all he finds is the emptiness of an abandoned place. He could see that â€Å"the largest supply of fireworks in all of Dixie must have gone off simultaneously a long time ago. Only the charred, outer brick shell of the building remained.† (5) This suggests that people like Hank, who always wish for more will often get disappointed by the reality and then again return to their initial state of dissatisfaction. The symbolism of the highway proves how people in contemporary society feel dissatisfied because of their everlasting demand. Thus, Christopher Taggi’s â€Å"95† suggests that people in the contemporary society are suffering from dissatisfaction. This is demonstrated by the characterization of Hank’s parents, who always try to find a better life, Hank himself, who is never satisfied with what he already has and the highway that symbolizes how people believe that better things are waiting for them. Work Cited Taggi,Christopher. â€Å"95.† Voices of the Xiled: A Generation Speakers For Itself. Eds. Michael Wexler and John Hulme. New York: Doubleday, 1994. 210-218. Print. â€Å"Cecil B. DeMille Quotes.† brainyquote.com. Brainy Quote, n.d. Web. 05 Oct. 2012

The Importance of Nature in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn :: Essays Papers

The Importance of Nature in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn In his novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain uses nature not only as ally, but as a deterrent in Huck Finn's search for independence and Jim's search for freedom. The most prominent force of nature in the novel was the Mississippi River. The river was not only their escape route, but perhaps it became their biggest enemy because it was always unpredictable. Nature is the strongest factor in the novel because in a completely different geographical setting the story would have had not only a different outcome, but Huck and Jim might never have found friendship and freedom. Twain changes his tone when describing the Mississippi River from wry and sarcastic to flowing and daydreaming. This change in tone illustrates his own appreciation for the beauty and significance that nature holds for him. Twain uses personification to show the beauty of nature in contrast to the immaturity and obnoxious mentality of society. Huck would sometimes wake up to "see a steamboat coughing along upstream" that "now and then would belch a whole world of sparks up out of her chimbleys" which acts like a child without manners. (Twain, 81) In almost every chapter Twain uses colorful descriptions of nature to help the reader to imagine the setting of the scene. Twain would not have used so many examples and vivid descriptions of nature if he didn't want nature to be a huge part of the novel. In the novel, Huck's main goal is to get away from a terrible, abusive drunk of a father. Without the access of the Mississippi, Huck might not have ever escaped his father, and his father could have easily killed Huck. For Jim, who's goal was not only freedom, but to see his family again, the river was a free way to reach the free states. With Huck's fortune he could have bought a train ticket or paid another way to get to Cairo, but it was important for him to make his journey with Jim. In that time a black runaway slave could not have ridden on a train or even walked on land in the light of day without being caught in a matter of minutes.

Marketing: Milk and Products Essay

1, Identify macro and micro environmental factors which influence marketing decisions and explain how they apply to your chosen company. You should use analysis tool to apply to the company: SWOT, PEST, and Five-Forces analysis. (Outcomes 2a) – Micro environment: the market comprises all aspects of a market which affect the company’s relationship with its customer and the patterns of competition. It includes suppliers, competitors, publics, marketing intermediaries. – Macro environment: the macro environment can be described in terms of four keys components: political/legal, economic, social/cultural, and technological (PEST factor) [According to Business Essentials Books -Marketing, (Part B: segmentation, Targeting and Positioning, Chapter 2: The marketing environment, p93 – p96)]. |SWOT | |Strengths |Opportunities | |Strong brands, large market share |The preferential policies of the government of the dairy industry | |Distribution network throughout Vietnam |(2000 billion approved for dairy development project to 2020) | |Diversified products, competitive prices |Supply of input raw material – fresh milk – is relatively stable (e. g. | |Production line of international |have dairy cow plantation, farms etc.) | | Leadership capacity of good management |Joining the WTO: market expansion, business and learning experience | |Diversified product lines (150 products) | | |Sustainable relationships with partners | | |Talent and professional of marketing and product | | |Marketing research experience is good | | |Very attractive advertisement and promotion campaign. | | |Weaknesses |Threats | |Products primarily focused on domestic market. |Vietnamese economic instability (inflation, economic crisis†¦) | | Marketing activities of the company focused on southern of Vietnam |WTO: appears several competitors | | |Uncertainty worldwide political situation | |PEST | |Political/Legal |Requirements on food hygiene and safety very strictly regulation | | |Economics stability to facilitate the business of the company | | |The preferential policies of the government of the dairy industry | |Economic |Fast-growing economy of Vietnam (i. e.having a positive impact on the domestic purchasing power) | | | Join WTO pressure to compete for business | | |Dairy import tax reduction, creating favorable for imported dairy products increased conditions | | |Inflation, increased fuel, increased cow prices | |Social/Cultural |Increasing living standards | | |Need to improve health and beauty | | |Proportion of malnourished children remains high | | |Most Vietnamese people do not have the habit of drinking milk | |Technological |Improve and modern technologies | | |Milk powder extraction technology | | | Modern equipment in the field of packaging | | |Technology quality management according to ISO | |FIVE-FORES Analysis | |New Entrants more | For milk production, the costs are not high to join so the potential rivals to participate easily in this| |competition |segment. On the contrary, entry costs for fluid milk products and yogurt is quite high. More importantly, to | | |establish distribution networks require a large expenditure. Currently, Vinamilk has a big advantage in | | |distribution. However, the conversion cost of consumer products is almost equal to 0 so Vinamilk remain | | |competitive pressure in the average. | |Substitute products or | Milk products are not currently available substitutes. However, given the broad needs of consumers, dairy| |services |products can compete with many health care items such as soft drinks †¦ So, Vinamilk is at risk from | | |substitute products. Today, Vinamilk is developing several products of drinking water for health benefits to | | |expand market share. | |Customers bargaining power| Vinamilk is not pressured by any distributor. The company has two distribution channels: (1) the | | |traditional channel (240 distributors and more than 140,000 points of sale, make the distribution more than | | |80% of Vinamilk total production, (2) distributed through modern channels (such as supermarkets †¦). For dairy | | |products, when the cost of materials is high, Vinamilk can sell at high prices that customers still have to | | |accept. Therefore, Vinamilk can transfer the disadvantages from the outside supplier to the customer. | |Suppliers bargaining power| Vinamilk has advantage when they bargain with farmers in the purchase of raw milk because the purchasing | | |company is the largest, accounting for 50% of dairy country. Moreover, Vinamilk disadvantage as dependence on | | |milk imported from abroad. However, from talking to Vinamilk, cost of production 1 kg of liquid milk from milk| | |powder is lower than from fresh milk. Therefore, this is not too big drawback for Vinamilk. | |Rivalry amongst current | Also VNM is highly competitive as in the domestic dairy Hanoimilk Companies, foreign companies word such | |competitors |as Abbott, Mead Johnson; Nestle, Dutch Lady †¦ In the future, Vietnam’s dairy market continues to expand and | | |the level of competition is getting higher. | (Source: http://www. slideshare. net/nguyenvanti1991/lap-ke-hoach-marketing-cua-vinamilk [accessed 24 October 2011]) (Source: http://tintuc. xalo. vn/00885566846/Phan_tich_co_phieu_VNM_cua_Vinamilk. html [accessed 24 October 2011]) 2, Propose major segmentation criteria that are used for two products targeting two different markets. (Outcomes 2b) Vinamilk has much kind of products. We choose two products of Vinamilk are liquid milk and yoghurt. Both of products are targeted common people who have low or medium income. For milk, there are two segmentations for adults and children. The company makes many kinds of liquid milk such as sweetened, unsweetened, chocolate flavor, vanilla flavor, strawberry flavor†¦ depends on interest of each people. The company has three types of packaging for liquid milk products such as small carton, big carton, and bag. It is appropriate for each person and for each region. For yoghurt, the product is segmented the preference of the customers. Some people like eat yoghurt with spoon but some people drink it. Some people do not care about eating or drinking yoghurt, they think that it is good for their health. It is depend on different regions. |Liquid Milk | |For adults |100% fresh milk | | |Vinamilk 100% fresh milk is made from 100% pure milk, containing all essential nutrients from nature, giving you a | | |sense of vitality to enjoy life to its entirety. | | | UHT Milk Flex | | |High-calcium and low-fat milk, Flex is the ideal source of nutrients to help you keep in shape, healthy, active and | | |energetic. | |For kids |UHT Milk Kid | | |UHT Milk Kid is produced from fresh cow milk, rich in calcium and minerals, and treated by a modern UHT technology. | | |i. e. fresh milk is treated in at high temperature in a very short time (3 seconds) to retain all essential vitamins | | |and minerals (including calcium content in milk at an optimal proportion of D/Ca). The supplement of DHA is added to | | |assist children’s growth and development, keeping them healthy, agile and intelligent. | |Yoghurt | |Drinking yoghurt | There are two lines of drinking yoghurt products, including Vinamilk Drinking Yogurt and SUSU Drinking Yogurt Milk| | |with various flavors. Yoghurt is beneficial for health of digestion system and brings you a healthy nutrition source | |Spoon yoghurt | Being made from 100% fresh milk with various flavors such as aloe vera, strawberry, etc, yoghurt products are rich| | |in proteins, vitamins, minerals and calcium, which are essential for your body. Spoon yoghurt assists to improve the | | |daily digestion, reinforce the body immune system, consolidates bone structure and helps to bring a fine and fresh | | |complexion as well as a body in shape. | |Probi fermented | Vinamilk Probi is the yoghurt product fermented from billions of Lactobacillus Casei, working well in digestive | |yoghurt |system that helps to reinforce the resistance of digestive system, purify toxin from food and surrounding environment | | |and absorb nutrients at maximum capacity. Consuming Vinamilk fermented yoghurt Probi every day keeps digestive system | | |healthy from the inside naturally. | Source:http://www. vinamilk. com. vn/uploads/Download_E/VNM_Annual_report_FINAL_ENG. pdf [accessed 24 October 2011]) (Source: http://vinamilk. com. vn/ENG/? vnm=product&id=2 [accessed 24 October 2011]) (Source: http://vinamilk. com. vn/ENG/? vnm=product&id=57 [accessed 24 October 2011]) (Source: http://vinamilk. com. vn/ENG/? vnm=product&id=7 [accessed 24 October 2011]) 3, Outline the factors which influence the choice of targeting strategy for two products in two different markets. (Outcomes 2c) There are many factors to consider when choosing the targeting strategy; those are geography, demography, buying behavior, psychographic and social culture. – Geography and Buyer behavior: Vinamilk has to segment the market such as North, Central, South because each region has different habits such as taste, smell, packaging†¦. Liquid milk has many kinds of products (sweetened, unsweetened, chocolate flavor, vanilla flavor, strawberry flavor†¦) with three types of packaging (small carton, big carton and bag). Yogurt has the same with three kinds of products (spoon yogurt, drinking yogurt, Probi yogurt). – Demography: Vinamilk can divide the market into groups such as age, gender, social position, religion, or income. Liquid milk has two segmentations for adult and children. – Psychographic and Social culture: Vietnamese does not have habit drink a lot of milk. They like to change and something is new. Therefore, Vinamilk improve the products (liquid milk and yogurt) with many kinds of taste, design†¦. With two products in two different markets, Vinamilk has the different strategy to attract the customers and get money for company. 4, Explain how end-consumer or buyer behavior as marketing activities for two products of the company and its retailers. (Outcomes 2d) â€Å"Buying behavior† is made up of the internal and external factors that explain why consumers buy and use certain products or services. This type of behavior can affect the marketing strategy that a business employs to promote its products, and when this behavior is analyzed, it can guide a business toward better marketing strategies and methods that it might not have originally used. The University of Delaware states that the best way to gauge what marketing strategy to use is to create a â€Å"marketing mix† of different types of ads and promotions that can appeal to the different types of buying behavior. (Source: http://www. ehow. com/info_8749189_buyers-behavior-affects-marketing-activities. html [accessed 24 October 2011]) The buyer behavior has influence on marketing activities. There are some factors, which influence on marketing activities of the company such as: psychological, social cultural, situational. – Psychological: each people have each personality, lifestyles, thinking and nobody is not same anybody. They also have different beliefs, attitudes and motivations in life. Therefore, everyone has different needs. If Vinamilk just has one kind of products, the consumer will not have many choices. When they feel boring with the product, they cannot buy it more. Moreover, they think that the quality of product has to worth with the money that they spend. Therefore, if they use the product and feel it bad, they will not buy it more. To sum up, the consumer’s psychological affect strongly the sales of product. If the company does not grasp the consumer’s psychological, they cannot get profit. – Situational: the income of the consumer influence marketing activity. If the price is too high, the consumer will consider carefully before making decision. Therefore, if the price is not suitable, they will not accept and exclude the product. The previous buying experiences and the purchase task itself also have a big influence on consumer decision. – Social cultural: Vietnamese cultural also affect marketing activity. First, Vietnamese like the foreign products especially milk. They think that the foreign products are always better than the domestic product. Therefore, they tend to choose the foreign products firstly. Second, Vietnamese tend to follow the mass because they think that the products have many people to use is good. It is advantage or disadvantage. If the vinamilk has the best marketing, many people will buy their products. but if not, it is difficult for them to sell products. Part 2: Identify and analyze the individual elements of the extended marketing mix: 1, Describe and analyze how products of your chosen company are developed to sustain the company’s competitive advantage. Vinamilk has many products from milk such as liquid milk, yoghurt, power milk, condensed milk, ice cream, cheese, etc†¦ In the competitive environment, Vinamilk always develop and improve their products to satisfy their consumers. Besides, they always create new products to expand the market. Thus, they can sustain the company‘s competitive advantage. Now, we choose and analysis two products of Vinamilk so that we can see how products of Vinamilk are develop. First, it is liquid milk. The liquid milk is shared two segmentations and it is for family and for children. In the family segmentation, Vinamilk has two products such as 100% fresh milk and Flex. With Vinamilk 100% fresh milk, the company has pasteurized milk in carton. After a period of selling, Vinamilk changes packaging with pasteurized milk in bag. It is more convenient to use and bring. Some people like to drink milk with sugar, immediately the company improve product with sweetened milk. After that, they do variety of product with some flavor such as chocolate, strawberry, etc†¦ They capture the market very quickly and they always develop their products to satisfy consumer. They see that Long Thanh milk has developed with autoclaved milk so they also manufacture autoclaved milk with sweetened and no sweetened. In the modern life, people eat many kind of food, which has a lot of fat. Therefore, Vinamilk launch a new product, Vinamilk Flex. It has high-calcium and low-fat milk. It is a good step by Vinamilk. It really attracts people because everyone always wants to keep in shape, healthy, active and energetic and it is difficult when eating a lot of fat. Nowadays, Vinamilk see that child obesity is increasing in Vietnam, combined with the milk market research weight loss, Vinamilk find less competition involved in this market, which has created the impetus for launching Vinamilk new product – â€Å"Vinamilk milk to lose weight† and immediately received the support of consumers. With the research objectives and provide effective solutions to weight loss, safety, consistent with the state of Vietnam, this product is a breakthrough to help bring practical benefits to consumers. Recognizing this trend, Vinamilk immediately jump into this exciting market. Besides, Vinamilk also develop products that are reserved for children. That is UHT MILK MILKKID and VNM FORTIFIED UHT MILK. Fresh milk is treated in at high temperature in a very short time (3 seconds) to retain all essential vitamins and minerals (including calcium content in milk at an optimal proportion of D/Ca). The supplement of DHA is added to assist children’s growth and development, keeping them healthy, agile and intelligent. The parents like it because they always want everything are the best for their children. Second, it is the yoghurt. Vinamilk has three type of yogurt. This is yogurt with spoon, drink yogurt, probi yogurt. Each type of yogurt suits each different preference. Some people like eat yogurt with spoon but some people like to drink yogurt. It is very easy for consumers to access it when there are many choices. Now, probi yogurt is popular because it there are many good things such as reinforces the resistance of digestive system, purify toxin from food and surrounding environment and absorb nutrients at maximum capacity. It really attracted people because it is aimed the consumer’s psychological about health. It is really effective because everyone want a good health. 2, Explain how your chosen company’s products are distributed in order to provide convenience to customers. According: http://vinamilk. com. vn/? vnm=market&id=28 [accessed 24 October 2011] For Manufacturer Company, the distribution is very important. The company has good products and services, good price but their product cannot be delivered to customers. It is failure. Therefore, the company should build the best distribution systems. It is very helpful when the company sell their products. There are many method of getting products to customers such as supermarket, agents, wholesalers, retailers, virtual store, franchise, etc†¦ Vinamilk has two channels to distribute goods. This is direct channel (supermarket) and indirect channel (wholesalers, retailers). Vinamilk do not choose franchise, on-site store, and virtual store to distribute their goods because some reason. Firstly, Vietnamese does not have hobbits to drink a lot of milk so the quantity of milk that the customers buy is low. Secondly, the products of Vinamilk sell everywhere in Viet Nam so it is difficult to deliver if the customers order direct from manufacturer. Thirdly, Vinamilk is manufacturer so they just want to make products and distribute them. They entrust the other people to buy goods and manage them. It is easier if the company spend a large of money to build a chain of sale in the whole country. In direct channel, Vinamilk has products in all supermarkets in Viet Nam such as Big C, Metro, Coopmart, etc†¦ The customer can find the products of Vinamilk at all supermarket in Viet Nam. The supermarkets just distribute 20% products of Vinamilk and the retailers in indirect channel distribute 80% products of Vinamilk. Because the percent of Vietnamese go to supermarket is not high and the supermarket system is not much. In addition, the customers like to buy milk near their house. In indirect channel, Vinamilk’s products were sold through 240 wholesalers with more than 140,000 retailers in all 64 provinces of Viet Nam. It is convenience for customers. They can buy products everywhere. They just go the nearest retailers to buy milk or they can stay at home and call for the nearest wholesales. The good is delivered in a few minutes. It is easy to buy products of Vinamilk. Although it is hard for Vinamilk to manage all retailers, they can go to some places and make survey from the customers to know how to the retailers do with their goods. Vinamilk also is using the most modern application of IT technology in management such as Customer Relationship Management (SAP), Oracle E Business Suite 11i, and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP). Everything just solve the problem how to the goods is distributed the customers quickest and the most effective. 3, Explain how prices of your company’s product are set to reflect company’s objectives and market conditions. Price is an important factor when the company wants to attract many people to buy their products. Therefore, making the appropriate price policy is especially important significant, it helps Vinamilk have effective business strategy. First, Vinamilk want to choose price for products (liquid milk and yogurt), the company has to modify the price of product at breakeven points. After that, they should consider some factor which affect purchase of market such as customer behavior, habits, income, market volatility, quality, and quantity†¦ from that, they can choose the markup for products (low or high). Then, they continue to investigate the price of competitions and they can consider their price of products is suitable and can be competitive. Thus, they can make decision for final prices of products. For two products (liquid milk and yogurt), Vinamilk has some strategy. To achieve the goal of becoming the dairy and food companies have health benefits for rapid growth and most stable market in Vietnam with the product line with long-term competitive advantages, Vinamilk accept to decrease the extent possible price to achieve maximum market range. Besides, Vinamilk try to improve their product has high quality, secure and they create the customer’s confidence. Later, they can increase their prices but the customers will not respond much about that. Moreover, more and more people interested in their health care, so the milk is preferred. The trend of the expensive purchase (psychological attached between price and quality) also contributed to higher milk prices. General psychology of the customers often compares the prices of the same product of the other companies to make decisions. Therefore, Vinamilk research the cost and selling price, quality of products of competitors and then they adjust their price so that it is reasonable. Despite the race of the profits with foreign milk company, Vinamilk maintains the stabile price since 2008. The price of Vinamilk on the market only has about one-thirds of the price of foreign company. In the domestic, the prices of products of Vinamilk are always equal or less compared to the price of products of the other companies. With current milk prices, Vinamilk accept lower interest or compensation from the operation of many different product lines to share the burden of consumer spending. When the product value has high in the mind of the customers, it is easy for the customer to accept the new products of Vinamilk. Beside, the product value has lower in the mind of the customer, Vinamilk keep the old price and improve the quality of product. Moreover, Vinamilk try to invest modern technology and economize the input materials and the costs of sales so that they can have the best price for the customers. Vinamilk has quite reasonable policy in the price. 4, Illustrate how promotional activity is integrated to achieve marketing objectives in your chosen company. The products cannot buy more every time and everywhere. The customers do not always know new products. The company is same. Therefore, the company has to have many promotional activities to make the customer know: What is the company? What are the company’s products? They are good or bad †¦. Thus, the customers will know the company and their products. The company can sell more products and get a lot of money. It is good for the company. Vinamilk choose two ways: First, it is advertising. Vinamilk always understand the important of advertising in promotion strategy, so they always focus and create highly and constantly. They have achieved big success in improving sales. Vinamilk is a company specialized in manufacturing of milk products, which mainly milk from dairy cows, so the image of dairy cow is considered specific, the core of each Vinamilk advertising. Vinamilk responds the strict requirements that advertising message to be achieved. The customers can see it on TV, on billboard on the street, when they go to Vinamilk website or read on the magazine. The advertising campaign is replicated throughout many the mass media with dairy cow image: cute dairy cow on the beautiful natural, full on life. With the purpose of bringing their products to the majority of consumers, Vinamilk use all forms of advertising such as television, radio, newspapers, outdoor advertising, etc†¦ Besides, Vinamilk do charity to enhance the reputation of the company. For example, â€Å"8 millions cups of milk for poor children†, â€Å"Vinamilk incubating young talent†, â€Å"help poor or disabilities people†, etc†¦ Second, it is promotion. With the purpose of attracting many people and selling many products, Vinamilk has many interesting promotion activities. The customer will be discounted or has more products of Vinamilk when buying a large quantity. For children, they can drink and collect the paper in the bottle and then they can change the presents or school supply. Sometimes, in the supermarket, the customers can get same free samples (old products or new products) to trial. Sometimes, the customers will buy products with presents (toys for kid, glass or new products of Vinamilk). Everything is promotional strategy so that they can attract more the customers and sell more products. 5, Analyze the additional elements of the extended marketing mix (People, Physical evidence and Process) in your chosen company. ? People Vinamilk understand that training and human resources development is the strategy of investment for the company’s success in the future. Therefore, Vinamilk is focused on training and improving the staff. They work out a plan of career development for the staff and bring the staff suitable training programs to help them improve working effects. In the period of developing and expanding, Vinamilk make opportunity for the staff who will have more chances to deal with new roles and new challenge. This also helps the staff raise potential and creativeness . Vinamilk creates a professional, friendly and open-hearted environment. Vinamilk always respected, listened and shared ideas with the staff. The staff’s efforts and achievements are recognized and highly commended. There are many activities for the staff such as sports, travelling, camping, etc†¦ It helps them enjoy happy and useful moments. The staffs also have a chance to understand each other and promote teamwork spirit effectively. The staff will get a satisfactory salary according to working capacity and competitive salary. Besides, Health Insurance Program and transport assistance are also one of distinguishing benefits we give to the staff. ? Physical evidence The company’s factories are equipped with modern technological lines imported directly from countries such as France, Germany, Denmark, Sweden †¦ the criteria for creating high-quality products, low power consumption, have the ability to recover and reuse of products and energy sources. In addition, the company gradually converts and invests processing lines from low-power performance to high-power performance. The application of modern machine will contribute to significant savings in production costs, reduce water consumption, fuel and energy. Vinamilk has 80 trucks, they are used to deliver the products from the company to the distributors. Each truck has a black box mounted to monitor the status of the vehicle. The factories of Vinamilk are designed modern, HACCP standards, creating a clean working environment, ensuring occupational health and safety for workers and do not affect the residential area around. All sources of noise are located away from residential areas and are completely separate. There are many partner companies and each company has a separate function. It helps the company to produce and supply the goods in time on the market. Nowadays, the customers like beautiful design of product packaging, many companies have not hesitated to invest costs on designing new the packaging. Although they can take disadvantages of the cost and price, the customer will remember more the products. It is important to make decision by the customers. Vinamilk tries to fulfill the criteria packaging such as beautiful, convenience, safety products, friendly environment †¦ In addition, it is difficult to maintain these criteria because the business environment and customer preferences always change. Therefore, the company will invest heavily in packaging costs to attract the customers. ? Process There are two resources of raw materials in Vinamilk: milk is collected from farm and milk is imported from foreign country. Vinamilk produces milk in facilities and then the company distributes their products in two ways: one, they provide products in supermarkets such as Metro, Big C, Coopmart†¦ two, they distribute for the wholesalers and then the wholesalers provide goods for the retailers. Finally, the retailers sell them for the customers. It is very convenience for the customers. They can buy the products of Vinamilk everywhere. After few times, Vinamilk goes to research the market and get feedback from the customers. Thus, they research and develop their products according to the customer preference. Therefore, their products will attract more the customers and they can get more profits. Bibliographies Textbook: BPP Learning Media Staff (2007), Business Essentials – Marketing, BPP House, London, BPP Learning Media Ltd. Online resources: http://vinamilk. com. vn/ http://www. slideshare. net/nguyenvanti1991/lap-ke-hoach-marketing-cua-vinamilk [accessed 24 October 2011] http://tintuc. xalo. vn/00885566846/Phan_tich_co_phieu_VNM_cua_Vinamilk. html [accessed 24 October 2011] http://www. vinamilk. com. vn/uploads/Download_E/VNM_Annual_report_FINAL_ENG. pdf [accessed 24 October 2011] http://www. ehow.com/info_8749189_buyers-behavior-affects-marketing-activities. html [accessed 24 October 2011] [pic]. CONTENT Part 2: 5, Analyze the additional elements of the extended marketing mix (People, Physical evidence and Process) in your chosen company PAGE NO. 17 Part 2: 1, Describe and analyze how products of your chosen company are developed to sustain the company’s competitive advantage PAGE NO. 11 Part 1: 4, Explain how end-consumer or buyer behavior as marketing activities for two products of the company and its retailers PAGE NO. 10 Part 1: 3, Outline the factors which influence the choice of targeting strategy for two products in two different markets PAGE NO. 9 Part 2: 2, Explain how your chosen company’s products are distributed in order to provide convenience to customers PAGE NO. 13 Part 2: 3, Explain how prices of your company’s product are set to reflect company’s objectives and market conditions PAGE NO. 14 Part 1: 2, Propose major segmentation criteria that are used for two products targeting two different markets PAGE NO. 7 Part 1: 1, Identify macro and micro environmental factors which influence marketing decisions and explain how they apply to your chosen company PAGE NO. 3 Part 2: 4, Illustrate how promotional activity is integrated to achieve marketing objectives in your chosen company PAGE NO. 16

Food Inc. Documentary Essay

Food Inc. is a documentary directed by Robert Kenner targeted towards the general public about the ugly truths behind the food industries. The documentary outlines the procedures taken to process the food that surrounds us, with the aim to expose and change the basis, footprints, and corruption behind this process. Kenner successfully does this through several techniques and strategies used to persuade and motivate others to make a difference. Throughout the documentary Kenner covers the basis of how these products are manufactured through many techniques. One of the main techniques used in this piece is correspondence about how the products are truly made. Most do not think to question where it is that the food they eat comes from and Kenner shows just that with statistics, footage, and interviews. He shows the unethical methods used by food industries in order to maximize profit. Methods such as feeding animals food which makes them obese, at a significantly fast and unnatural rate , to the point that they cannot stand on their own and their organs are beings crushed. Kenner gains the viewer’s sympathy by showing footage of these animals in pain, which in turn pushes them towards his point of view on the subject. Another technique used by Kenner is the illumination of truth of how these food industries have corrupted the government as well as the farmers to their advantage. He does this by showing his viewers government officials who side with the food industries and in fact used to be a part of them. This documentary also shows the workers and farmers, most of which are afraid to talk the crew in fear of losing everything, who admit they have very little control over their farms and the business. One of the farmers even goes as far to say that â€Å"it is degrading; it’s like being a slave to the company†. The narrator also states how once these jobs were seen as the best jobs in the country and now they are struggling to get by. He uses real life experiences and facts to open the eyes of his viewers and is successful in doing so. Once again correspondence plays a big role in this documentary to show the footprints left behind by these companies. Kenner shows footage of people speaking out, who have lost their loved ones due to illnesses they have gained from the infected product, which may have been avoided if not for the unethical procedures used to manufacture it. This immediately gains the viewer’s sympathies towards the families, as well as become more aware of  the danger which these companies present. He also shows statistics of the dangers in genetically modified organisms and how they surround us making us more aware of what it is we are eating. One of the main aspects to the documentary that makes it so successful is that Keener gives alternatives. Throughout the documentary the viewers are asking themselves what can they do and he answers this. He shows the benefits to organic foods and the prosperity in farms independent from the big corporations. All in all, Kenner’s techniques, to spread awareness of what one consumes as well as promoting beneficiary alternatives, is successful in leaving his aud ience wanting to make a change. Work Cited Food Inc.. Dir. Robert Kenner. Magnolia Home Entertainment, 2009.Film.

Should I Include My LinkedIn Profile URL on My Resume

Should I Include My LinkedIn Profile URL on My Resume The short answer to the title question is YES! Your LinkedIn profile URL has become a standard item to put in your resume header, along with name, address and phone. Why? 90% of hiring managers now use social media, with LinkedIn as a primary resource, to research candidates. So your email address and LinkedIn URL have become more important information for employers than your street address!  In fact, you can omit your street address from the header and include just city and state, since correspondence happens most often by email. Employers do want to know your location, but not down to your street. Craft Your Public Profile URL Before you put your LinkedIn profile address on your resume or business card, make sure choose an address you want. You can edit your â€Å"Public Profile URL† through the Edit menu on LinkedIn and get rid of all those distracting letters and numbers at the end of the URL. www.linkedin.com/in/brendabernstein looks so much better than www.linkedin.com/in/brendabernstein/16/b93/429 doesn’t it?   And it takes up  a LOT less space on your resume! To change your URL, go to your profile page and click on the Edit public profile URL button in the upper right: This will take you to a screen where you can edit your profile address. Click the pencil icon: Then enter your new address. Note that your URL cannot contain any special characters and is limited to 30 characters. Is the name you want unavailable? Try your last name followed by your first name, use an initial or two, or insert dashes or another symbol. Find a solution that works for you! **Keyword Tip: If you have room to add keywords at the end of your profile URL, you can get search engine optimization (SEO) mileage out of adding your top keyword directly after your name! For instance, johnjonescorporatecounsel or janesmithitdirector. Adding these keywords will not affect your search rankings within LinkedIn itself, but it will provide some leverage in Google searches. Your LinkedIn Profile URL on Your Resume Here are some formats you might use when adding your LinkedIn address to your resume: For more graphic savvy, create a button on your online resume or website that links to your LinkedIn profile. LinkedIn no longer provides button images, but they still exist in cyberspace! Here’s what they look like: Once you’ve saved the image to your computer, insert it in the header of your resume and hyperlink it to your LinkedIn profile! In Word, you’ll find the hyperlink function under the Insert tab, Links section: Here’s what the final product might look like: Of course, if anyone prints your resume, this LinkedIn button will not be clickable from the printed document. So always create a version with the hyperlink spelled out for anyone you hand your resume to on paper. ** Tip: If you dont already own yourname.com for other purposes, such as a blog or other job search marketing materials, this option might be a good one for you. For example, instead of listing your profile at the top of your resume as https://www.linkedin.com/in/brendabernstein, you could write LinkedIn profile: www.brendabernstein.com, which looks much cleaner and also shows that you are tech-savvy. [I credit this tip to a client who told me he had purchased his name.com domain and then pointed the domain to his LinkedIn page.] ** IMPORTANT! If you have your LinkedIn profile URL on any documents or email signatures and then you change it, update your documents and signatures! Write an Effective LinkedIn Profile to Accompany Your Resume If you put your LinkedIn profile URL on your resume, be prepared that someone will click on it! In reality, whether or not you put your LinkedIn URL on your resume, hiring managers will search for you on LinkedIn.  It is therefore essential that you have a LinkedIn profile and that it is written to impress. That means it’s not a straight regurgitation of your resume content. My e-books, How to Write a WINNING Resume, How to Write a STELLAR Executive Resume, and How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile will help you craft both a resume and a LinkedIn profile that keeps you in the â€Å"Yes† pile when a recruiter or hiring manager is considering your application. The Essay Expert also offers individualized resume reviews and full resume writing packages, plus LinkedIn profile reviews and full LinkedIn profile writing packages. Contact The Essay Expert if you have questions or are interested in our services.

Definition and Examples of Vowels in English

Definition and Examples of Vowels in English Written English has a 26-letter alphabet. Of the 26, 20 are proper consonants, five are proper vowels, and one, the letter Y, can either be either a consonant or a vowel depending on usage. The proper vowels are A, E, I, O, and U. Coming from the Latin word for voice, vowels are the part of speech that is created by the relatively free passage of breath through the larynx and the mouth. When the mouth is obstructed during speech production- most often by the tongue or teeth- the resulting sound is a consonant. One Vowel, Many Pronunciations Vowels comprise the  principal sounds of syllables and form a major category of phonemes which are the distinct sets of sounds that allow a listener to distinguish one word from another  in speech.  Standard spoken English  has approximately 20 distinct vowel sounds, although regional dialectal variations account for more. As you can imagine, with each one potentially symbolizing multiple sounds on any written page, vowels letters are kept busy. How a vowel is pronounced in English depends very much on who is pronouncing it and where they hail from. There are currently as many as 160 distinct English-language dialects worldwide. For example, Standard American English has fewer vowel distinctions than Standard Southern British English, so while a Londoner from Mayfair would likely pronounce the words merry, marry, and Mary in three distinctly different ways, for the majority of Americans all three sound pretty much the same. With 29, England has the largest number of distinct dialects, and that doesnt even take dialects from Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland, The Isle of Man, or the Channel Islands into account. The United States has 27 recorded dialects; India clocks in at 14 distinct dialects, followed closely by Ireland with 13, and Australia with 9. Long and Short Vowels In the English language, each of the vowels can be pronounced more than one way, but the two most common variations are long pronunciation and short pronunciation. These variations are often represented by typographical signs: a curved  symbol  above a vowel represents short pronunciation: ÄÆ', Ä•, Ä ­, Ã… , Ã… ­, while long  pronunciation  has by a horizontal line above the  vowel: Ä , Ä“, Ä «, Ã… , Ã… «. Vowels that have long pronunciations are most often modified by a secondary vowel thats generally silent. In words such as late or tune, the letter e is added to modify the main vowel sound, while in words such as goat or beat, the modifying vowel is the letter a, and in words such as night, knight, flight, and right, the long vowel i is modified by the letters gh. Fast Facts: Examples of Short and Long Vowel Pronunciation The Letter A- Short pronunciation: My hat sat on the mat. (hÄÆ't, sÄÆ't, mÄÆ't); Long Pronunciation: He ate the date on my plate. (Ä te, dÄ te, plÄ te)The Letter E- Short pronunciation: She let her pet get wet. (lÄ•t, pÄ•t, gÄ•t, wÄ•t); Long Pronunciation: His feet beat a neat retreat. (fÄ“et, bÄ“at, nÄ“at, rÄ“trÄ“at)The Letter I- Short pronunciation: Spit out that pit and I quit! (spÄ ­t, pÄ ­t, quÄ ­t); Long Pronunciation: The site of the bite from the mite was red. (sÄ «te, bÄ «te, mÄ «te.)The Letter O- Short pronunciation: That spot on the pots got rot. (spÃ… t, pÃ… t, gÃ… t, rÃ… t); Long Pronunciation: I wrote the quote on the note. (wrÃ… te, quÃ… te, nÃ… te)The Letter U- Short pronunciation: He cut the nut with a knife from his hut. (nut, cut, hut); Long Pronunciation: The mute on his lute was acute. (lÃ… «te, mÃ… «te, acÃ… «te) Vowel Pronunciation Rulebreakers While long and short are the most common vowel pronunciations, many words with vowel combinations do not follow these rules. For example, doubling the o in the word moon produces a long u (Ã… «) sound, while the y in duty not only modifies the u to an ew sound but rather than being silent, is pronounced as its own syllable with a long e (Ä“) sound. Words that must be pronounced on a case by case basis- such as aardvark, height, and diet- can be even more confusing for those first learning English. Using Phonetics to Pronounce Vowels Correctly As challenging as it may be to learn every correct vowel pronunciation with so many rules and exceptions, theres actually a fairly easy-to-learn system that can help to guide you. Phonetics is the branch of  linguistics  that deals with how  speech  is produced and offers a system of written symbols that represents each component sound in a language. Learning phonetics is an extra step in knowing how to pronounce words correctly but its not difficult and the results can be well worth the effort. In fact, actors often use phonetics to break words down into component sounds when they are required to speak in a dialect or accent that is not a reflection of their native voice.

Notion of fiduciary trust and its breach Case Study

Notion of fiduciary trust and its breach - Case Study Example The bill of lading indicated that 3,000 tons of timber was received from Merchant LTD and the timber was received in good condition. In examining Wavy Line's responsibilities with regards to Merchant LTD it is prudent for Merchant LTD to know that the issuance of a bill of lading is accompanied by legal rights and responsibilities. Those rights and responsibilities as delineated by the Hague-Visby rules denote that under the "contract of carriage" the responsibilities and liabilities of Wavy Line include the premise that Wavy Line is obligated to exercise a superior degree of care in order to: In examining Article II of the Hague-Visby Rules, we can clearly see that there is a breach of the contract by Wavy Line in that Wavy Line was obligated to ensure that the ship is adequately staffed prior to embarking on the voyage. The fact that Wavy Line had to stop to pick up a relief master on the way indicates that the staffing responsibility was not met as necessitated by the Hague-Visby Rules. Article III Section 5 of the Hague-Visby Rules addresses remuneration under these circumstances. The rules indicate that the value of the goods must be explicitly stated on the bill of laden if the carrier is expected to be responsible for total remuneration to the property owner. If, however, the total value of the goods is not indicated in the bill of laden, then the carrier is only responsible for the value of 666.67 units of account per package and the total value of the goods are to be determined based on their value at the time they were contracted to be delivered (Article III, Se ction 5-Hague-Visby Rules, 1968). According to this, I would advise Merchant LTD that Wavy Line did in fact fail to uphold their obligation to deliver the timber at the specified time. This obligation was not mitigated by any justifiable circumstances such as acts of God but it was a direct result of Wavy Line's failure to exhibit due diligence. As such, Merchant LTD can receive some compensation for the loss but the compensation they are able to receive is less than the total demanded due to the fact that the value of the merchandise was not explicitly stated on the bill of laden. The case of Transfield Shipping Inc of Panama v. Mercator Shipping Inc of Monrovia, [2006] EWHC 3030 (Comm); [2006] can be utilized to substantiate the aforementioned analysis with regards to the party responsible for the loss, however, the amount of judgment based on Transfield Shipping Inc of Panama v. Mercator Shipping Inc of Monrovia, [2006] proves to be interesting. The facts of the case of Transfield Shipping Inc of Panama v. Mercator Shipping Inc of Monrovia, [2006] are such that in January of 2003, The Achilleas was time chartered to Transfield Shipping Inc. The charter was extended as delineated in a supplemental document at a new higher hire rate and the maximum duration of the agreement expired on 2 May 2004. Later, the owners entered